基本语法要点
一、注释
1.1 三种注释形式
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 1. 单行注释：用于解释单行代码逻辑
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
int count = 0; // 计数器初始化为0
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 2. 多行注释：用于解释代码块（实际开发中较少使用）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
/*
* 这是一个多行注释
* 可以跨越多行
* 通常用于临时屏蔽代码块
*/
/* 也可以写成一行 */
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 3. 文档注释：用于生成 JavaDoc API 文档
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
/**
* 计算两个整数的和
*
* @author 张三
* @version 1.0
* @since JDK 1.8
* @param a 第一个加数
* @param b 第二个加数
* @return 两数之和
* @throws ArithmeticException 如果结果溢出
* @see Math#addExact(int, int)
*/
public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
1.2 常用 JavaDoc 标签
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# 生成 JavaDoc 文档
javadoc -d docs -encoding UTF-8 -charset UTF-8 *.java
# 生成的文档结构
docs/
├── index.html # 首页
├── allclasses.html # 所有类列表
├── package-summary.html
└── com/
└── example/
└── MyClass.html
1.3 注释的本质
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1.4 注释最佳实践
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// ❌ 不好的写法：注释说明显而易见的事情
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 设置 age 为 25
int age = 25;
// 如果 age 大于 18
if (age > 18) {
// 打印成年
System.out.println("成年");
}
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// ❌ 不好的写法：注释解释复杂逻辑
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 检查员工是否有资格获得全部福利
// 条件：按小时计费 且 年龄大于65岁
if ((employee.flags & HOURLY_FLAG) && (employee.age > 65)) {
// ...
}
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// ✅ 好的写法：用清晰的命名代替注释
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
if (employee.isEligibleForFullBenefits()) {
// ...
}
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// ✅ 好的写法：注释解释 "为什么" 而非 "是什么"
// ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 使用 insertion sort 而非 quicksort，因为数据量小于 10 且几乎有序
// 参考性能测试结果：benchmark_2024.md
Arrays.sort(smallArray);
// 保留 2 的缓冲空间，避免频繁扩容
// 根据历史数据，99% 的请求不超过 capacity + 2
List<Item> items = new ArrayList<>(capacity + 2);
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二、标识符与关键字
2.1 标识符
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标识符命名规则：
<mxfile>
<diagram id="identifier-naming-rules" name="标识符命名规则">
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命名规范（约定俗成）：
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 类名、接口名：大驼峰 (UpperCamelCase)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public class UserService { }
public interface OrderRepository { }
public class IOException extends Exception { }
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 方法名、变量名：小驼峰 (lowerCamelCase)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public void getUserById() { }
int itemCount = 0;
String firstName = "John";
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 常量名：全大写 + 下划线分隔 (SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public static final int MAX_RETRY_COUNT = 3;
public static final String DEFAULT_CHARSET = "UTF-8";
public static final double PI = 3.14159265358979;
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 包名：全小写，用点分隔
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
package com.example.project.module;
package org.apache.commons.lang3;
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 泛型类型参数：单个大写字母
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public class Box<T> { } // T - Type
public class Map<K, V> { } // K - Key, V - Value
public class List<E> { } // E - Element
public <R> R execute(Supplier<R> supplier) // R - Return
2.2 关键字
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<mxGeometry height="20" width="100" x="440" y="1136" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="74" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFF8E1;strokeColor=#FFC107;strokeWidth=2;arcSize=4;" value="" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="76" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=16;fontColor=#F57F17;fontStyle=1;" value="注意：true、false、null 看起来像关键字，但实际上是字面量" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="780" x="130" y="1235" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
</root>
</mxGraphModel>
</diagram>
</mxfile>
关键字详细说明：
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 访问控制关键字
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public class AccessDemo {
public int publicVar; // 公开：任何地方都可访问
protected int protectedVar; // 受保护：同包 + 子类可访问
int defaultVar; // 默认：同包可访问 (无关键字)
private int privateVar; // 私有：仅本类可访问
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 类相关关键字
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
abstract class Animal { } // abstract: 抽象类/方法
class Dog extends Animal { } // extends: 继承
interface Runnable { } // interface: 接口
class Cat implements Runnable { } // implements: 实现接口
final class String { } // final: 不可继承/修改
static int count; // static: 静态成员
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 特殊关键字
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// native: 本地方法，由 C/C++ 实现
public native int hashCode();
// strictfp: 严格浮点计算，保证跨平台结果一致
strictfp class StrictMath { }
// transient: 序列化时忽略该字段
transient int tempData;
// volatile: 保证多线程可见性
volatile boolean flag;
// synchronized: 同步锁
synchronized void method() { }
// assert: 断言（调试用）
assert x > 0 : "x must be positive";
// enum: 枚举类型 (JDK 5+)
enum Color { RED, GREEN, BLUE }
2.3 保留字
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<diagram id="java-reserved-words" name="Java保留字">
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<mxGeometry height="470" width="810" x="20" y="20" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="3" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=28;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#37474F;" value="保留字" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="50" width="200" x="320" y="40" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="4" parent="1" style="line;strokeWidth=2;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;spacingTop=-1;spacingLeft=3;spacingRight=3;rotatable=0;labelPosition=right;points=[];portConstraint=eastwest;strokeColor=#B0BEC5;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="10" width="750" x="50" y="90" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="5" parent="1" style="shape=callout;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;perimeter=calloutPerimeter;fillColor=#E3F2FD;strokeColor=#1976D2;strokeWidth=2;position2=0.25;size=30;position=0.5;rounded=1;arcSize=8;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="70" width="750" x="50" y="115" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="6" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=16;fontColor=#1565C0;fontStyle=0;" value="保留字：目前未使用但被保留的关键字，可能在未来版本中启用" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="690" x="80" y="120" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="7" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFF3E0;strokeColor=#FF9800;strokeWidth=2;arcSize=6;" value="" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="8" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFCC80;strokeColor=#FB8C00;fontSize=18;fontFamily=Consolas;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#E65100;" value="goto" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="100" x="80" y="220" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="10" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFCC80;strokeColor=#FB8C00;fontSize=18;fontFamily=Consolas;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#E65100;" value="const" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="100" x="80" y="275" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="11" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=14;fontColor=#5D4037;" value="C/C++ 中的常量定义，Java 用 <font color="#2e7d32"><b>final</b></font> 代替" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="570" x="200" y="275" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="12" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=16;fontColor=#D84315;fontStyle=1;" value="⚠️ 虽然未启用，但也不能用作标识符：" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="30" width="400" x="50" y="350" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="13" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFEBEE;strokeColor=#EF5350;strokeWidth=2;arcSize=6;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="70" width="750" x="50" y="390" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="14" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFCDD2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=16;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#424242;spacingLeft=10;spacingRight=10;" value="int goto = 1;" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="36" width="180" x="80" y="405" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="15" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=14;fontColor=#C62828;fontStyle=1;" value="❌ 编译错误" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="36" width="120" x="280" y="405" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="16" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFCDD2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=16;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#424242;spacingLeft=10;spacingRight=10;" value="int const = 2;" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="36" width="180" x="430" y="405" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="17" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=14;fontColor=#C62828;fontStyle=1;" value="❌ 编译错误" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="18" parent="1" style="shape=cross;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#F44336;strokeColor=none;size=0.4;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="26" width="26" x="250" y="410" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="19" parent="1" style="shape=cross;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#F44336;strokeColor=none;size=0.4;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="26" width="26" x="600" y="410" as="geometry" />
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2.4 字面量 vs 关键字
<mxfile>
<diagram id="java-literals" name="Java字面量">
<mxGraphModel dx="1068" dy="484" grid="1" gridSize="10" guides="1" tooltips="1" connect="1" arrows="1" fold="1" page="1" pageScale="1" pageWidth="900" pageHeight="680" math="0" shadow="0">
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<mxCell id="1" parent="0" />
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<mxGeometry height="650" width="860" x="20" y="20" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="3" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=22;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#303F9F;" value="true、false、null 是字面量（Literal），不是关键字" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="4" parent="1" style="line;strokeWidth=3;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;spacingTop=-1;spacingLeft=3;spacingRight=3;rotatable=0;labelPosition=right;points=[];portConstraint=eastwest;strokeColor=#7986CB;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="10" width="800" x="50" y="90" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="5" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#3F51B5;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#FFFFFF;" value="核心概念" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="7" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#C5CAE9;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=15;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#37474F;spacingLeft=10;" value="boolean flag = <font color="#1565c0"><b>true</b></font>;" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="8" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=13;fontColor=#689F38;fontStyle=2;" value="// true 是布尔字面量" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="9" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#C5CAE9;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=15;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#37474F;spacingLeft=10;" value="boolean other = <font color="#1565c0"><b>false</b></font>;" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="32" width="240" x="70" y="205" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="10" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=13;fontColor=#689F38;fontStyle=2;" value="// false 是布尔字面量" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="32" width="200" x="330" y="205" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="11" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#C5CAE9;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=15;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#37474F;spacingLeft=10;" value="String str = <font color="#1565c0"><b>null</b></font>;" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="32" width="240" x="70" y="245" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="12" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=13;fontColor=#689F38;fontStyle=2;" value="// null 是空引用字面量" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="13" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFF8E1;strokeColor=#FFB300;strokeWidth=2;arcSize=10;" value="" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="16" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#7C4DFF;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#FFFFFF;" value="字面量 vs 关键字" vertex="1">
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<mxGeometry height="140" width="380" x="50" y="340" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="18" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#03A9F4;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#FFFFFF;" value="字面量 (Literal)" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="28" width="130" x="140" y="350" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="20" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#B3E5FC;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=13;fontColor=#0277BD;fontStyle=1;" value="<font face="Consolas">true</font>, <font face="Consolas">false</font>, <font face="Consolas">null</font><br><font face="Consolas">100</font>, <font face="Consolas">3.14</font>, <font face="Consolas">"Hello"</font>" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="24" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#E1BEE7;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=13;fontColor=#7B1FA2;fontStyle=1;" value="<font face="Consolas">class</font>, <font face="Consolas">if</font>, <font face="Consolas">for</font><br><font face="Consolas">public</font>, <font face="Consolas">void</font>, <font face="Consolas">int</font>" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="25" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#4CAF50;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#FFFFFF;" value="其他字面量示例" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
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<mxGeometry height="28" width="150" x="260" y="555" as="geometry" />
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三、运算符
3.1 运算符分类概览
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3.2 自增自减运算符
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// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 基本用法
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
int x = 5;
int a = x++; // a = 5, x = 6 (先赋值给a，再自增)
int b = ++x; // b = 7, x = 7 (先自增，再赋值给b)
System.out.println("a = " + a); // 5
System.out.println("b = " + b); // 7
System.out.println("x = " + x); // 7
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 图解执行过程
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
/*
* int x = 5;
* int a = x++;
*
* 执行过程：
* ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐
* │ x=5 │ ──▶ │ a=5 │ ──▶ │ x=6 │
* └─────┘ 先取值 └─────┘ 后自增 └─────┘
*
*
* int b = ++x;
*
* 执行过程：
* ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐
* │ x=6 │ ──▶ │ x=7 │ ──▶ │ b=7 │
* └─────┘ 先自增 └─────┘ 后取值 └─────┘
*/
经典面试题：
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 面试题：计算 y 的值
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
int x = 5;
int y = x++ + ++x + x--;
// 详细执行过程分析：
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// 验证代码
public class IncrementDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5;
int y = x++ + ++x + x--;
System.out.println("y = " + y); // 19
System.out.println("x = " + x); // 6
}
}
字节码层面分析：
// 源代码
int i = 1;
i = i++;
// 很多人认为结果是 2，但实际结果是 1！
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<mxCell id="10" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=12;fontColor=#1976D2;fontStyle=2;" value="// 存入局部变量表位置 1（i = 1）" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="11" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#C8E6C9;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=13;fontFamily=Consolas;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#1B5E20;spacingLeft=8;" value="2: iload_1" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="12" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=12;fontColor=#2E7D32;fontStyle=2;" value="// 将 i 的值（1）压入栈" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="14" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFE0B2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=13;fontFamily=Consolas;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#E65100;spacingLeft=8;" value="3: iinc 1, 1" vertex="1">
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3.3 移位运算符
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左移运算 <<：
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无符号右移 >>>：
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// 移位运算验证代码
public class ShiftDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 左移
System.out.println("5 << 2 = " + (5 << 2)); // 20
System.out.println("1 << 3 = " + (1 << 3)); // 8
// 带符号右移
System.out.println("20 >> 2 = " + (20 >> 2)); // 5
System.out.println("-8 >> 2 = " + (-8 >> 2)); // -2
// 无符号右移
System.out.println("-8 >>> 2 = " + (-8 >>> 2)); // 1073741822
// 位数超出类型范围时取模
System.out.println("1 << 32 = " + (1 << 32)); // 1 (32 % 32 = 0)
System.out.println("1 << 33 = " + (1 << 33)); // 2 (33 % 32 = 1)
}
}
源码中的移位运算应用：
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// HashMap 源码：计算哈希值
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
// 将 hashCode 的高 16 位与低 16 位异或
// 目的：让高位也参与索引计算，减少哈希冲突
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
/*
* 图解 hash 函数：
*
* 假设 hashCode = 0b 1010 1010 1010 1010 | 1100 1100 1100 1100
* ─────────高16位────── ─────────低16位──────
*
* h >>> 16: 0b 0000 0000 0000 0000 | 1010 1010 1010 1010
*
* h ^ (h>>>16): 0b 1010 1010 1010 1010 | 0110 0110 0110 0110
* ↑ 高低位信息混合
*/
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// HashMap 源码：计算数组容量（取大于等于 cap 的最小 2 的幂）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
int n = cap - 1;
n |= n >>> 1; // 将最高位的 1 右移，与原值或运算
n |= n >>> 2; // 继续扩展
n |= n >>> 4;
n |= n >>> 8;
n |= n >>> 16;
return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
}
/*
* 图解（假设 cap = 10）：
*
* n = 10 - 1 = 9 = 0b 0000 1001
* n >>> 1 = 0b 0000 0100
* n |= n >>> 1 = 0b 0000 1101
* n >>> 2 = 0b 0000 0011
* n |= n >>> 2 = 0b 0000 1111
* ...
* 最终 n = 15, n + 1 = 16 (2⁴)
*/
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 快速乘除 2 的幂次
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
int x = 10;
int multiply8 = x << 3; // x * 8, 比 x * 8 更快
int divide4 = x >> 2; // x / 4, 比 x / 4 更快
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 权限控制（位标志）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public class Permission {
public static final int READ = 1 << 0; // 0001 = 1
public static final int WRITE = 1 << 1; // 0010 = 2
public static final int EXECUTE = 1 << 2; // 0100 = 4
public static final int DELETE = 1 << 3; // 1000 = 8
private int permissions = 0;
// 添加权限
public void addPermission(int permission) {
permissions |= permission; // 0101 | 0010 = 0111
}
// 移除权限
public void removePermission(int permission) {
permissions &= ~permission; // 0111 & 1101 = 0101
}
// 检查权限
public boolean hasPermission(int permission) {
return (permissions & permission) == permission;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Permission p = new Permission();
p.addPermission(READ | WRITE); // 授予读写权限
System.out.println(p.hasPermission(READ)); // true
System.out.println(p.hasPermission(DELETE)); // false
}
}
移位运算注意事项：
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四、流程控制
4.1 流程控制分类
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4.2 continue、break、return 对比
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图解执行流程：
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<mxCell id="52" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFF3E0;strokeColor=#FFCC80;strokeWidth=2;strokeDasharray=3 3;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="110" width="380" x="600" y="580" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="53" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=13;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#E65100;spacingLeft=10;" value="i=0 → 打印0 ✓<br>i=1 → 打印1 ✓<br>i=2 → break退出循环 ⛔<br>i=3 → 不执行<br>i=4 → 不执行" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="100" width="350" x="615" y="585" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="28" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#F44336;strokeColor=#C62828;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=20;fontFamily=Consolas;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#FFFFFF;shadow=1;" value="return" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="29" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFEBEE;strokeColor=#F44336;strokeWidth=2;arcSize=3;" value="" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="30" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFCDD2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=15;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#C62828;spacingLeft=10;" value="public void method() {" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="30" width="250" x="70" y="800" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="31" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFCDD2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#C62828;spacingLeft=10;" value="for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="28" width="260" x="100" y="835" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="32" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#EF9A9A;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#C62828;spacingLeft=10;fontStyle=1;" value="if (i == 2) return;" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="28" width="200" x="130" y="868" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="33" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFCDD2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#C62828;spacingLeft=10;" value="System.out.println(i);" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="28" width="230" x="130" y="901" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="34" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFCDD2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#C62828;spacingLeft=10;" value="}" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="28" width="30" x="100" y="934" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="35" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFCDD2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#B71C1C;spacingLeft=10;opacity=50;" value="System.out.println("循环结束");" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="28" width="290" x="100" y="964" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="36" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFCDD2;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=15;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#C62828;spacingLeft=10;" value="}" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="30" width="30" x="70" y="990" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="37" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFEBEE;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=14;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#D32F2F;spacingLeft=10;fontStyle=2;" value="// 方法结束" vertex="1">
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<mxGeometry relative="1" as="geometry">
<Array as="points">
<mxPoint x="400" y="882" />
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="41" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#EF5350;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=12;fontColor=#FFFFFF;fontStyle=1;" value="不会执行" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="25" width="70" x="410" y="974" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="42" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#FFFFFF;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=1;fontSize=16;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#C62828;fontStyle=1;spacingLeft=10;shadow=1;" value="输出: 0 1" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="120" x="600" y="810" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="43" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=14;fontColor=#F44336;spacingLeft=5;" value="(方法提前结束)" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="54" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FFEBEE;strokeColor=#EF9A9A;strokeWidth=2;strokeDasharray=3 3;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="110" width="380" x="600" y="865" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="55" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;whiteSpace=wrap;rounded=0;fontSize=13;fontFamily=Consolas;fontColor=#C62828;spacingLeft=10;" value="i=0 → 打印0 ✓<br>i=1 → 打印1 ✓<br>i=2 → return结束方法 🛑<br>"循环结束" → 不执行<br>方法直接返回" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="100" width="350" x="615" y="870" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
</root>
</mxGraphModel>
</diagram>
</mxfile>
代码示例：
public class FlowControlDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// continue 示例：跳过偶数
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
System.out.println("=== continue 示例 ===");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue; // 跳过偶数
}
System.out.print(i + " "); // 输出: 1 3 5 7 9
}
System.out.println();
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// break 示例：找到目标后退出
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
System.out.println("=== break 示例 ===");
int[] nums = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4};
int target = 7;
int index = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
if (nums[i] == target) {
index = i;
break; // 找到后立即退出，不继续遍历
}
}
System.out.println("找到 " + target + " 在索引 " + index);
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// return 示例：条件满足时提前返回
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
System.out.println("=== return 示例 ===");
printPositive(-5); // 输出: 数字必须为正数
printPositive(10); // 输出: 正数: 10
}
public static void printPositive(int num) {
if (num <= 0) {
System.out.println("数字必须为正数");
return; // 提前返回，后面的代码不执行
}
System.out.println("正数: " + num);
}
}
4.3 带标签的 break 和 continue
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 问题：如何在嵌套循环中跳出外层循环？
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// ❌ 普通 break 只能跳出内层循环
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i == 1 && j == 1) {
break; // 只跳出内层 for
}
System.out.println("i=" + i + ", j=" + j);
}
}
// 外层循环还会继续执行 i=2 的情况
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// ✅ 使用带标签的 break
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
outer: // 标签
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i == 1 && j == 1) {
break outer; // 跳出外层循环
}
System.out.println("i=" + i + ", j=" + j);
}
}
// 输出:
// i=0, j=0
// i=0, j=1
// i=0, j=2
// i=1, j=0
// (遇到 i=1, j=1 时跳出外层循环)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 带标签的 continue
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
outer:
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (j == 1) {
continue outer; // 跳到外层循环的下一次迭代
}
System.out.println("i=" + i + ", j=" + j);
}
}
// 输出:
// i=0, j=0
// i=1, j=0
// i=2, j=0
// (每次 j=1 时跳过内层剩余，进入外层下一次)
<mxfile>
<diagram id="break-label-diagram" name="带标签的break图解">
<mxGraphModel dx="1068" dy="484" grid="1" gridSize="10" guides="1" tooltips="1" connect="1" arrows="1" fold="1" page="1" pageScale="1" pageWidth="900" pageHeight="600" math="0" shadow="0">
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<mxCell id="0" />
<mxCell id="1" parent="0" />
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="3" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#6366F1;" value="outer:" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="60" x="60" y="70" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="4" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#EEF2FF;strokeColor=#6366F1;strokeWidth=2;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="280" width="680" x="60" y="94" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="5" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontColor=#1E1E1E;" value="for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="220" x="80" y="104" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="6" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FEF3C7;strokeColor=#F59E0B;strokeWidth=2;" value="" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="172" width="560" x="100" y="138" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="7" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontColor=#1E1E1E;" value="for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="220" x="120" y="148" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="8" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontColor=#1E1E1E;" value="if (i == 1 && j == 1) {" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="200" x="140" y="180" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="9" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FEE2E2;strokeColor=#EF4444;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#DC2626;" value="break outer;" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="32" width="140" x="160" y="212" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="10" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontColor=#1E1E1E;" value="}" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="20" x="140" y="252" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="11" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontColor=#6B7280;" value="// 其他代码..." vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="140" x="140" y="280" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="12" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontColor=#1E1E1E;" value="}" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="20" x="120" y="310" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="13" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontColor=#1E1E1E;" value="}" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="20" x="80" y="350" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="14" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#D1FAE5;strokeColor=#10B981;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=12;fontFamily=Courier New;fontColor=#047857;" value="// 代码继续执行" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="36" width="160" x="70" y="400" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="15" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=11;fontColor=#6366F1;fontStyle=2;" value="outer 标签指向这里" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="16" edge="1" parent="1" style="endArrow=classic;html=1;strokeColor=#6366F1;strokeWidth=2;entryX=1;entryY=0.5;entryDx=0;entryDy=0;" value="">
<mxGeometry relative="1" as="geometry">
<mxPoint x="490" y="114" as="sourcePoint" />
<mxPoint x="300" y="114" as="targetPoint" />
</mxGeometry>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="17" edge="1" parent="1" style="edgeStyle=orthogonalEdgeStyle;rounded=1;orthogonalLoop=1;jettySize=auto;html=1;strokeColor=#EF4444;strokeWidth=3;endArrow=blockThin;endFill=1;dashed=1;dashPattern=8 4;entryX=1;entryY=0.5;entryDx=0;entryDy=0;" target="14" value="">
<mxGeometry relative="1" as="geometry">
<Array as="points">
<mxPoint x="780" y="228" />
<mxPoint x="780" y="418" />
</Array>
<mxPoint x="300" y="228" as="sourcePoint" />
<mxPoint x="140" y="418" as="targetPoint" />
</mxGeometry>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="18" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=11;fontColor=#EF4444;fontStyle=3;" value="跳出所有循环" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="24" width="90" x="770" y="300" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="19" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=10;fontColor=#6366F1;fontStyle=1;labelBackgroundColor=#EEF2FF;labelBorderColor=none;" value="外层循环 (i)" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="20" width="80" x="650" y="94" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="20" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=10;fontColor=#F59E0B;fontStyle=1;labelBackgroundColor=#FEF3C7;" value="内层循环 (j)" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="20" width="80" x="570" y="138" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
</root>
</mxGraphModel>
</diagram>
</mxfile>
4.4 实际应用场景
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 场景 1：搜索二维数组
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public static int[] findElement(int[][] matrix, int target) {
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
if (matrix[i][j] == target) {
return new int[]{i, j}; // return 最简洁
}
}
}
return null;
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 场景 2：参数校验（卫语句模式）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public void processOrder(Order order) {
// 卫语句：尽早 return，减少嵌套
if (order == null) {
log.warn("订单为空");
return;
}
if (order.getItems().isEmpty()) {
log.warn("订单项为空");
return;
}
if (order.getStatus() != OrderStatus.PENDING) {
log.warn("订单状态不是待处理");
return;
}
// 正常业务逻辑（不需要嵌套在多层 if 中）
doProcess(order);
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 场景 3：过滤处理（continue 跳过不符合条件的项）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public void processValidUsers(List<User> users) {
for (User user : users) {
// 跳过无效用户
if (user == null) continue;
if (!user.isActive()) continue;
if (user.getAge() < 18) continue;
// 处理有效用户
sendNotification(user);
}
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 场景 4：限制循环次数或超时退出（break）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
public Data pollWithTimeout(Queue<Data> queue, long timeoutMs) {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
while (true) {
Data data = queue.poll();
if (data != null) {
return data;
}
// 超时退出
if (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime > timeoutMs) {
break;
}
Thread.sleep(100);
}
return null; // 超时返回 null
}
4.5 switch 语句增强（JDK 12+）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 传统 switch（需要 break）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
int dayOfWeek = 3;
String dayType;
switch (dayOfWeek) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5:
dayType = "工作日";
break; // 必须 break，否则会穿透
case 6:
case 7:
dayType = "周末";
break;
default:
dayType = "未知";
break;
}
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 增强 switch（JDK 12+）- 箭头语法，无需 break
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
String dayType = switch (dayOfWeek) {
case 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 -> "工作日"; // 多个值用逗号分隔
case 6, 7 -> "周末";
default -> "未知";
};
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// switch 表达式（JDK 14+）- 使用 yield 返回值
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
String description = switch (dayOfWeek) {
case 1 -> "Monday";
case 2 -> "Tuesday";
default -> {
// 需要多行代码时用代码块
String result = "Day " + dayOfWeek;
yield result; // 使用 yield 返回值
}
};
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// 模式匹配 switch（JDK 21+）
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Object obj = "Hello";
String result = switch (obj) {
case Integer i -> "整数: " + i;
case String s -> "字符串: " + s;
case Long l -> "长整数: " + l;
case null -> "空值";
default -> "其他类型";
};
五、总结
<mxfile>
<diagram id="java-syntax-summary" name="基本语法要点">
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<mxGeometry x="40" y="80" width="400" height="140" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="4" value="📝 注释" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#3B82F6;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#FFFFFF;rounded=1;spacingLeft=8;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="5" value="• 单行 //&nbsp; 多行 /* */&nbsp; 文档 /** */" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontColor=#334155;spacingLeft=4;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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